<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">detinf</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">ДЕТСКИЕ ИНФЕКЦИИ</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>CHILDREN INFECTIONS</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2072-8107</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2618-8139</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Association of Pediatricians and Infection Disease doctors</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.22627/2072-8107-2025-24-4-54-60</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">detinf-1119</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОБЗОР ЛИТЕРАТУРЫ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Постинфекционный облитерирующий бронхиолит у детей</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Post-infectious bronchiolitis obliterans in children</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3600-8405</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Бойцова</surname><given-names>Е. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Boytsova</surname><given-names>E. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Бойцова Евгения Викторовна, д.м.н., профессор кафедры пропедевтики детских болезней с курсом общего ухода за детьми </p><p>Санкт-Петербург </p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Saint Petersburg </p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">evboitsova@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4961-384X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Овсянников</surname><given-names>Д. Ю.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Ovsyannikov</surname><given-names>D. Yu.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Овсянников Дмитрий Юрьевич, д.м.н., профессор, заведующий кафедрой педиатрии </p><p>Москва </p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Moscow </p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">mdovsyannikov@yahoo.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9036-2598</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ермолаева</surname><given-names>Е. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Ermolaeva</surname><given-names>E. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Ермолаева Екатерина Владимировна, врач-пульмонолог </p><p>Санкт-Петербург </p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Saint Petersburg </p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">dkb@lodkb.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6232-544X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Гитинов</surname><given-names>Ш. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Gitinov</surname><given-names>Sh. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Гитинов Шамиль Абдулвахидович, ассистент кафедры педиатрии </p><p>Москва </p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Moscow </p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">dr.gitinov@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1174-0736</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Малышев</surname><given-names>О. Г.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Malyshev</surname><given-names>O. G.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Малышев Олег Геннадьевич, ассистент кафедры педиатрии </p><p>Москва </p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Moscow </p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">omalyshev03@vk.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФГБОУ ВО «Санкт-Петербургский государственный педиатрический медицинский университет» Минздрава России</institution></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Saint Petersburg State Pediatric Medical University</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФГАОУ ВО «Российский университет дружбы народов»</institution></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Peoples' Friendship University of Russia</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-3"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ЛОГБУЗ «Детская клиническая больница»</institution></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Children's Clinical Hospital</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2025</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>27</day><month>11</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>24</volume><issue>4</issue><fpage>54</fpage><lpage>60</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Бойцова Е.В., Овсянников Д.Ю., Ермолаева Е.В., Гитинов Ш.В., Малышев О.Г., 2025</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Бойцова Е.В., Овсянников Д.Ю., Ермолаева Е.В., Гитинов Ш.В., Малышев О.Г.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Boytsova E.V., Ovsyannikov D.Y., Ermolaeva E.V., Gitinov S.A., Malyshev O.G.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://detinf.elpub.ru/jour/article/view/1119">https://detinf.elpub.ru/jour/article/view/1119</self-uri><abstract><p>Постинфекционный облитерирующий бронхиолит (ПИОБ) представляет собой хроническое обструктивное заболевание легких, развивающееся у детей после перенесенной инфекции нижних дыхательных путей (ИНДП). В основе патогенеза лежат нарушение репаративных процессов в эпителии бронхиол, продуктивно-склеротическое воспаление и формирование перибронхиолярного фиброза, сопровождаемые хроническим нейтрофильно-лимфоцитарным воспалением и цитокиновым дисбалансом. Клиническая картина ПИОБ характеризуется хроническим кашлем, экспираторной одышкой, гипоксемией и длительно сохраняющейся бронхиальной обструкцией. Диагноз ПИОБ устанавливают на основании перенесенной тяжелой ИНДП в анамнезе, стойких клинических симптомов бронхиальной обструкции и характерных данных компьютерной томографии легких, включая мозаичность вентиляции и симптом «воздушной ловушки». Несмотря на использование различных медикаментозных стратегий, включая системные и ингаляционные кортикостероиды, макролиды и антагонисты лейкотриеновых рецепторов, единого стандарта терапии ПИОБ в настоящее время не существует. Течение заболевания вариабельно: у большинства пациентов с возрастом отмечается уменьшение симптомов дыхательной недостаточности и улучшение функциональных показателей, тогда как у других возможно медленное прогрессирование заболевания. Компьютерно-томографические признаки поражения малых дыхательных путей могут сохраняться или изменяться в динамике на протяжении длительного времени.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Post-infectious bronchiolitis obliterans (PIBO) is a chronic obstructive lung disease that develops in children following lower respiratory tract infections (LRTI). The pathogenesis is based on impaired reparative processes in the bronchiolar epithelium, productive-sclerotic inflammation, and the formation of peribronchiolar fibrosis, accompanied by chronic neutrophilic-lymphocytic inflammation and cytokine imbalance. The clinical presentation of PIBO is characterized by chronic cough, expiratory dyspnea, hypoxemia, and prolonged bronchial obstruction. The diagnosis is established based on a history of severe LRTI, persistent clinical signs of airway obstruction, and characteristic findings on chest computed tomography, including mosaic attenuation and air-trapping phenomena. Despite the use of various pharmacological strategies, including systemic and inhaled corticosteroids, macrolides, and leukotriene receptor antagonists, a standardized therapy protocol for PIBO has not yet been established. The disease course is variable: most patients demonstrate a reduction in respiratory symptoms and improvement in functional parameters with age, whereas others may experience slow disease progression. Computed tomography features of small airway involvement may persist or vary over time.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>постинфекционный облитерирующий бронхиолит</kwd><kwd>облитерирующий бронхиолит</kwd><kwd>дети</kwd><kwd>бронхиальная обструкция</kwd><kwd>компьютерная томография легких</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>post-infectious bronchiolitis obliterans</kwd><kwd>bronchiolitis obliterans</kwd><kwd>children</kwd><kwd>bronchial obstruction</kwd><kwd>chest computed tomography</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Jerkic S.-P., Brinkmann F., Calder A., Casey A., Dishop M., Griese M., Kurland G., Niemitz M., Nyilas S., Schramm D., Schubert R., Tamm M., Zielen S., Rosewich M. Postinfectious bronchiolitis obliterans in children: diagnostic workup and therapeutic options: a workshop report. Can Respir J. 2020:5852827. doi: 10.1155/2020/5852827.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Jerkic S.-P., Brinkmann F., Calder A., Casey A., Dishop M., Griese M., Kurland G., Niemitz M., Nyilas S., Schramm D., Schubert R., Tamm M., Zielen S., Rosewich M. Postinfectious bronchiolitis obliterans in children: diagnostic workup and therapeutic options: a workshop report. Can Respir J. 2020:5852827. doi: 10.1155/2020/5852827.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lange W. Ueber eine eigenthumliche Erkrankung der kleinen Bronchien und ronhilen (Bronchitis und Bronchiolitis obliterans). Dtsch. Arch. Klin. Med. 1901; 70:324—364.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lange W. Ueber eine eigenthumliche Erkrankung der kleinen Bronchien und ronhilen (Bronchitis und Bronchiolitis obliterans). Dtsch. Arch. Klin. Med. 1901; 70:324—364.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Скворцов М.А. Патологическая анатомия важнейших заболеваний детского возраста. Москва: Медгиз; 1946:89—121.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Skvortsov M.A. Pathological anatomy of the most important diseases of childhood. Moscow: Medgiz; 1946:89—121.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">de Deus Vieira G., Yamagishi A.Y., Vieira N.N., Dias Fogaca R.M.M., da Cunha Alves T., Amaral G.M.B., Macie C. Complication of post-infectious bronchiolitis obliterans (Swyer-James syndrome). Rev Assoc Med Bras. 2015; 61(5):404—406. doi: 10.1590/1806-9282.61.05.404.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">de Deus Vieira G., Yamagishi A.Y., Vieira N.N., Dias Fogaca R.M.M., da Cunha Alves T., Amaral G.M.B., Macie C. Complication of post-infectious bronchiolitis obliterans (Swyer-James syndrome). Rev Assoc Med Bras. 2015; 61(5):404—406. doi: 10.1590/1806-9282.61.05.404.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Tortajada M., Gracia M., García E., Hernández R. Diagnostic considerations in unilateral hyperlucency of the lung (Swyer-James-MacLeod syndrome). Allergol Immunopathol (Madr). 2004; 32(5):265—270. doi: 10.1016/s0301-0546(04)79253-8.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tortajada M., Gracia M., García E., Hernández R. Diagnostic considerations in unilateral hyperlucency of the lung (Swyer-James-MacLeod syndrome). Allergol Immunopathol (Madr). 2004; 32(5):265—270. doi: 10.1016/s0301-0546(04)79253-8.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Петряйкина Е.С., Бойцова Е.В., Овсянников Д.Ю., Гитинов Ш.А., Петряйкина Е.Е. Современные представления об облитерирующем бронхиолите у детей. Педиатрия им. Г.Н. Сперанского. 2020; 99(2):255— 262. doi: 10.24110/0031-403x-2020-99-2-255-262.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Petryaykina E.S., Boitsova E.V., Ovsyannikov D.Yu., Gitinov Sh.A., Petryaykina E.E. Modern concepts of obliterative bronchiolitis in children. Pediatriya Im G.N. Speranskogo. 2020; 99(2):255—262. (In Russ.) doi:10.24110/0031-403x-2020-99-2-255-262.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Colom A.J., Teper A.M. Post-infectious bronchiolitis obliterans. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2019; 54(2):212—219. doi: 10.1002/ppul.24221.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Colom A.J., Teper A.M. Post-infectious bronchiolitis obliterans. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2019; 54(2):212—219. doi: 10.1002/ppul.24221.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Yazan H., Khalif F., Shadfaan L.A., Bilgin S., Nursoy M., Cakir F.B., Cakin Z.E., Uzuner S., Cakir E. Post-infectious bronchiolitis obliterans in children: clinical and radiological evaluation and long-term results. Heart Lung. 2021; 50:660—666. doi: 10.1016/j.hrtlng.2021.05.001.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Yazan H., Khalif F., Shadfaan L.A., Bilgin S., Nursoy M., Cakir F.B., Cakin Z.E., Uzuner S., Cakir E. Post-infectious bronchiolitis obliterans in children: clinical and radiological evaluation and long-term results. Heart Lung. 2021; 50:660—666. doi: 10.1016/j.hrtlng.2021.05.001.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lee E., Lee Y.Y. Risk factors for the development of post-infectious bronchiolitis obliterans after Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia in the era of increasing macrolide resistance. Respir Med. 2020; 175:106209. doi: 10.1016/j.rmed.2020.106209.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lee E., Lee Y.Y. Risk factors for the development of post-infectious bronchiolitis obliterans after Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia in the era of increasing macrolide resistance. Respir Med. 2020; 175:106209. doi: 10.1016/j.rmed.2020.106209.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Huang F., Ma Y.C., Wang F., Li Y.N. Clinical analysis of adenovirus postinfectious bronchiolitis obliterans and nonadenovirus postinfectious bronchiolitis obliterans in children. Lung India. 2021; 38(2):117—121. doi: 10.4103/lungindia.lungindia_374_20.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Huang F., Ma Y.C., Wang F., Li Y.N. Clinical analysis of adenovirus postinfectious bronchiolitis obliterans and nonadenovirus postinfectious bronchiolitis obliterans in children. Lung India. 2021; 38(2):117—121. doi: 10.4103/lungindia.lungindia_374_20.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Овсянников Д.Ю., Гитинов Ш.А., Цверава А.Г., Айрапетян М.И. и др. Облитерирующий бронхиолит у детей: эпидемиология, этиологическая структура, клиническая и компьютерно-томографическая семиотика, функциональная характеристика, терапия. Педиатрия им. Г.Н. Сперанского. 2025; 104 (2):15—23.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ovsyannikov D.Yu., Gitinov Sh.A., Tswerava A.G., Ayrapetyan M.I., et al. Obliterative bronchiolitis in children: epidemiology, etiological structure, clinical and CT semiotics, functional features, and therapy. Pediatriya Im G.N. Speranskogo. 2025; 104(2):15—23. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Rosewich M., Zissler U.M., Kheiri T., Voss S., Eickmeier O., Schulze J., Herrmann E., Dücker R.P., Schubert R., Zielen S. Airway inflammation in children and adolescents with bronchiolitis obliterans. Cytokine. 2015; 73(1):156— 162. doi: 10.1016/j.cyto.2014.10.026.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rosewich M., Zissler U.M., Kheiri T., Voss S., Eickmeier O., Schulze J., Herrmann E., Dücker R.P., Schubert R., Zielen S. Airway inflammation in children and adolescents with bronchiolitis obliterans. Cytokine. 2015; 73(1):156— 162. doi: 10.1016/j.cyto.2014.10.026.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kurland G., Michelson P. Bronchiolitis obliterans in children. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2005; 39:193—208. doi: 10.1002/ppul.20145.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kurland G., Michelson P. Bronchiolitis obliterans in children. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2005; 39:193—208. doi: 10.1002/ppul.20145.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Черняев А.Л., Самсонова М.В. Патологическая анатомия бронхиолитов. В: Бронхиолиты: монография. Под ред. Белевского А.С. М.: Атмосфера; 2023:16—23.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Chernyaev A.L., Samsonova M.V. Pathological anatomy of bronchiolitis. In: Belevsky A.S., editor. Bronchiolitis: Monograph. Moscow: Atmosfera; 2023:16—23. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Авдеев С.Н. Бронхиолиты у взрослых. Респираторная медицина: руководство: в 4 т. Под ред. А. Г. Чучалина. 3-е изд., доп. и перераб. М.: ПульмоМедиа, 2024. Т. 2:265—274. doi: 10.18093/978-5-6048754-6-9-2024-2-265-274.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Avdeev S.N. Bronchiolitis in adults. In: Chuchalin A.G., editor. Respiratory Medicine: A Guide in 4 Volumes. 3rd ed., rev. and enl. Moscow: PulmoMedia; 2024; 2:265—274. doi:10.18093/978-5-6048754-6-9-2024-2-265-274. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Mauad T., Dolhnikoff M., Paulo S. Histology of childhood bronchiolitis obliterans. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2002; 33(6):466—474. doi: 10.1002/ppul.10097.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mauad T., Dolhnikoff M., Paulo S. Histology of childhood bronchiolitis obliterans. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2002; 33(6):466—474. doi:10.1002/ppul.10097.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Спичак Т.В. Постинфекционный облитерирующий бронхиолит. М.: Научный мир, 2005: 80.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Spichak T.V. Postinfectious obliterative bronchiolitis. Moscow: Nauchny Mir; 2005:80. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Li Y., Liu L., Qiao H., Cheng H., Cheng H. Post-infectious bronchiolitis obliterans in children: a review of 42 cases. BMC Pediatr. 2014; 14:238. doi: 10.1186/1471-2431-14-238.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Li Y., Liu L., Qiao H., Cheng H., Cheng H. Post-infectious bronchiolitis obliterans in children: a review of 42 cases. BMC Pediatr. 2014; 14:238. doi: 10.1186/1471-2431-14-238.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bandeira T., Negreiro F., Ferreira R., Salgueiro M., Lobo L., Aguiar P., Trindade J.C. Clinical, radiological, and physiological differences between obliterative bronchiolitis and problematic severe asthma in adolescents and young adults: the early origins of the overlap syndrome? Pediatr Pulmonol. 2011; 46:573—580. doi: 10.1002/ppul.21405.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bandeira T., Negreiro F., Ferreira R., Salgueiro M., Lobo L., Aguiar P., Trindade J.C. Clinical, radiological, and physiological differences between obliterative bronchiolitis and problematic severe asthma in adolescents and young adults: the early origins of the overlap syndrome? Pediatr Pulmonol. 2011; 46:573—580. doi: 10.1002/ppul.21405.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Yoon H.M., Lee J.S., Hwang J.-Y., Cho Y.A., Yoon H.-K., Yu J., Hoong S.-J., Yoon C.H. Post-infectious bronchiolitis obliterans in children: CT features that predict responsiveness to pulse methylprednisolone. Br J Radiol. 2015; 88(1049):20140478. doi:10.1259/bjr.20140478.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Yoon H.M., Lee J.S., Hwang J.-Y., Cho Y.A., Yoon H.-K., Yu J., Hoong S.-J., Yoon C.H. Post-infectious bronchiolitis obliterans in children: CT features that predict responsiveness to pulse methylprednisolone. Br J Radiol. 2015; 88(1049):20140478. doi:10.1259/bjr.20140478.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Мартинес-Хименес С., Розадо-де-Кристенсос М.Л., Картер Б.В. Лучевая диагностика. КТВР легких: пер. с англ. М.: Изд. Панфилова, 2022: 124—129.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Martinez-Jimenez S., Rosado-de-Christenson M.L., Carter B.W. Radiologic Diagnosis: HRCT of the Lungs. Transl. from English. Moscow: Panfilov Publishing; 2022:124—129. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Castro-Rodriguez J.A., Giubergia V., Fischer G.B., Castaños C., Sarria E.E., Gonzalez R., Mattiello R., Vega-Briceño L.E., Murtagh P. Postinfectious bronchiolitis obliterans in children: the South American contribution. Acta Paediatr. 2014; 103(9):913—921. doi: 10.1111/apa.12689.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Castro-Rodriguez J.A., Giubergia V., Fischer G.B., Castaños C., Sarria E.E., Gonzalez R., Mattiello R., Vega-Briceño L.E., Murtagh P. Postinfectious bronchiolitis obliterans in children: the South American contribution. Acta Paediatr. 2014; 103(9):913—921. doi: 10.1111/apa.12689.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Marshall H., Horsley A., Taylor C.J., Smith L., et al. Detection of early subclinical lung disease in children with cystic fibrosis by lung ventilation imaging with hyperpolarised gas MRI. Thorax. 2017; 72(8):760—762. doi: 10.1136/thoraxjnl-2016-208948/</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Marshall H., Horsley A., Taylor C.J., Smith L., et al. Detection of early subclinical lung disease in children with cystic fibrosis by lung ventilation imaging with hyperpolarised gas MRI. Thorax. 2017; 72(8):760—762. doi: 10.1136/thoraxjnl-2016-208948/</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Renne J., Lauermann P., Hinrichs J.B., Schönfeld C., et al. Chronic lung allograft dysfunction: oxygen-enhanced T1-mapping MR imaging of the lung. Radiology. 2015; 276(1):266—273. doi: 10.1148/radiol.15141486.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Renne J., Lauermann P., Hinrichs J.B., Schönfeld C., et al. Chronic lung allograft dysfunction: oxygen-enhanced T1-mapping MR imaging of the lung. Radiology. 2015; 276(1):266—273. doi: 10.1148/radiol.15141486.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Voskrebenzev A., Greer M., Gutberlet M., Schönfeld C. et al. Detection of chronic lung allograft dysfunction using ventilation-weighted Fourier decomposition MRI. Am J Transplant. 2018; 18(8):2050—2060. doi: 10.1111/ajt.14759.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Voskrebenzev A., Greer M., Gutberlet M., Schönfeld C. et al. Detection of chronic lung allograft dysfunction using ventilation-weighted Fourier decomposition MRI. Am J Transplant. 2018; 18(8):2050—2060. doi: 10.1111/ajt.14759.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit26"><label>26</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Таточенко В.К. Болезни органов дыхания у детей: руководство для врачей. 8-е изд., дополн. М.: Редакция журнала StatusPraesens, 2025: 237—240.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tatochenko V.K. Respiratory diseases in children: A guide for physicians. 8th ed., rev. Moscow: StatusPraesens; 2025:237—240. (In Russ.) 27. Mustafina M.Kh., Chernyak A.V. Inert gas washout methods: their significance in the diagnosis of respiratory diseases. Prakticheskaya Pulmonologiya. 2014; (1):39—44. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit27"><label>27</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Мустафина М.Х., Черняк А.В. Методы вымывания инертных газов: значение в диагностике заболеваний органов дыхания. Практическая пульмонология. 2014; (1):39—44.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Nyilas S., Carlens J., Price T., Singer F., Müller C., Hansen G., Warnecke G., Latzin P., Schwerk N. Multiple breath washout in pediatric patients after lung transplantation. Am J Transplant. 2018; 18(1):145—153. doi: 10.1111/ajt.14432.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit28"><label>28</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Nyilas S., Carlens J., Price T., Singer F., Müller C., Hansen G., Warnecke G., Latzin P., Schwerk N. Multiple breath washout in pediatric patients after lung transplantation. Am J Transplant. 2018; 18(1):145—153. doi: 10.1111/ajt.14432.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kim Y.H., Shin H.J., Sol I.S., Kim S.Y., Kim J.D., Yoon H., Kim K.W., Kim M.J., Lee M.J., Hyun M.S. Lung clearance index and quantitative computed tomography of post-infectious bronchiolitis obliterans in infants. Sci Rep. 2017; 7(1):15128. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-15330-8.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit29"><label>29</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kim Y.H., Shin H.J., Sol I.S., Kim S.Y., Kim J.D., Yoon H., Kim K.W., Kim M.J., Lee M.J., Hyun M.S. Lung clearance index and quantitative computed tomography of post-infectious bronchiolitis obliterans in infants. Sci Rep. 2017; 7(1):15128. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-15330-8.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Evans D.J., Schultz A., Verheggen M., Hall G.L., Simpson S.J. Identifying pediatric lung disease: a comparison of forced oscillation technique outcomes. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2019; 54(6):751—758. doi: 10.1002/ppul.24286.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit30"><label>30</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Evans D.J., Schultz A., Verheggen M., Hall G.L., Simpson S.J. Identifying pediatric lung disease: a comparison of forced oscillation technique outcomes. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2019; 54(6):751—758. doi: 10.1002/ppul.24286.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Yu J. Postinfectious bronchiolitis obliterans in children: lessons from bronchiolitis obliterans after lung transplantation and hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Korean J Pediatr. 2015; 58(12):459—465. doi: 10.3345/kjp.2015.58.12.459.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit31"><label>31</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Yu J. Postinfectious bronchiolitis obliterans in children: lessons from bronchiolitis obliterans after lung transplantation and hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Korean J Pediatr. 2015; 58(12):459—465. doi: 10.3345/kjp.2015.58.12.459.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Colom A.J., Teper A.M. Clinical prediction rule to diagnose postinfectious bronchiolitis obliterans in children. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2009; 44:1065— 1069. doi: 10.1002/ppul.21080.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit32"><label>32</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Colom A.J., Teper A.M. Clinical prediction rule to diagnose postinfectious bronchiolitis obliterans in children. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2009; 44:1065— 1069. doi: 10.1002/ppul.21080.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Potapova N.L., Markovskaya A.I. Analysis of anti-inflammatory therapy options for obliterative bronchiolitis in children. Doktor.Ru. 2023; 22(3):40— 44. doi:10.31550/1727-2378-2023-22-3-40-44. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit33"><label>33</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Потапова Н.Л., Марковская А.И. Анализ вариантов противовоспалительной терапии облитерирующего бронхиолита у детей. Доктор.Ру. 2023; 22(3):40—44. doi: 10.31550/1727-2378-2023-22-3-40-44.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Moonnumakal S.P., Fan L.L. Bronchiolitis obliterans in children. Curr Opin Pediatr. 2008; 20(3):272—278. doi: 10.1097/MOP.0b013e3282ff62e9.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit34"><label>34</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Moonnumakal S.P., Fan L.L. Bronchiolitis obliterans in children. Curr Opin Pediatr. 2008; 20(3):272—278. doi: 10.1097/MOP.0b013e3282ff62e9.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tomikawa S.O., Adde F.V., da Silva Filho L.V.R., Leone C., Rodrigues J.C. Follow-up on pediatric patients with bronchiolitis obliterans treated with corticosteroid pulse therapy. Orphanet J Rare Dis. 2014; 9(1):128. doi: 10.1186/s13023-014-0128-2.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit35"><label>35</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Tomikawa S.O., Adde F.V., da Silva Filho L.V.R., Leone C., Rodrigues J.C. Follow-up on pediatric patients with bronchiolitis obliterans treated with corticosteroid pulse therapy. Orphanet J Rare Dis. 2014; 9(1):128. doi: 10.1186/s13023-014-0128-2.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Avdeev S.N. Role of macrolides in the treatment of chronic inflammatory diseases of the lower respiratory tract. Lechebnoe Delo. 2011; 1:90—101. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit36"><label>36</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Авдеев С.Н. Роль макролидов в терапии хронических воспалительных заболеваний нижних дыхательных путей. Лечебное дело. 2011; 1:90— 101.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gao Y.H., Guan W.J., Xu G. et al. Macrolide therapy in adults and children with non-cystic fibrosis bronchiectasis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One. 2014; 9(3):e90047. doi: 10.1371/ journal.pone.0090047.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit37"><label>37</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gao Y.H., Guan W.J., Xu G. et al. Macrolide therapy in adults and children with non-cystic fibrosis bronchiectasis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One. 2014; 9(3):e90047. doi: 10.1371/ journal.pone.0090047.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Yadav H., Peters S.G., Keogh K.A., et al. Azithromycin for the treatment of obliterative bronchiolitis after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant. 2016; 22(12):2264—2269.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit38"><label>38</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Yadav H., Peters S.G., Keogh K.A., et al. Azithromycin for the treatment of obliterative bronchiolitis after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant. 2016; 22(12):2264—2269.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Verleden G.M., Verleden S.E., Vos R., De Vleeschauwer S.I., Dupont J.L., Van Raemdonck D., Vanaudenaerde B.M. Montelukast for bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome after lung transplantation: a pilot study. Transpl Int. 2011; 24(7):651—656.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit39"><label>39</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Verleden G.M., Verleden S.E., Vos R., De Vleeschauwer S.I., Dupont J.L., Van Raemdonck D., Vanaudenaerde B.M. Montelukast for bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome after lung transplantation: a pilot study. Transpl Int. 2011; 24(7):651—656.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ruttens D., Verleden S.E., Demeyer H., Van Raemdonck D.E., Yserbyt J., Dupont L.J., Vanaudenaerde B.M., Vos R., Verleden G.M. Montelukast for bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome after lung transplantation: a randomized controlled trial. PLoS One. 2018; 13(4):e0193564.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit40"><label>40</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ruttens D., Verleden S.E., Demeyer H., Van Raemdonck D.E., Yserbyt J., Dupont L.J., Vanaudenaerde B.M., Vos R., Verleden G.M. Montelukast for bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome after lung transplantation: a randomized controlled trial. PLoS One. 2018; 13(4):e0193564.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Norman B.C., Jacobsohn D.A., Williams K.M., Au B.K.C., Au M.A., Lee S.J., Moravec C.K., Chien J.W. Fluticasone, azithromycin and montelukast therapy in reducing corticosteroid exposure in bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome after allogeneic hematopoietic SCT: a case series of eight patients. Bone Marrow Transplant. 2011; 46(10):1369—1373. doi: 10.1038/bmt.2010.311.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit41"><label>41</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Norman B.C., Jacobsohn D.A., Williams K.M., Au B.K.C., Au M.A., Lee S.J., Moravec C.K., Chien J.W. Fluticasone, azithromycin and montelukast therapy in reducing corticosteroid exposure in bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome after allogeneic hematopoietic SCT: a case series of eight patients. Bone Marrow Transplant. 2011; 46(10):1369—1373. doi: 10.1038/bmt.2010.311.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Weng T., Lin X., Wang L., Lv J., Dong L. Follow-up on the therapeutic effects of a budesonide, azithromycin, montelukast, and acetylcysteine (BAMA) regimen in children with post-infectious bronchiolitis obliterans. J Thorac Dis. 2021; 13(8):4775—4784. doi:10.21037/jtd-20-3195.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit42"><label>42</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Weng T., Lin X., Wang L., Lv J., Dong L. Follow-up on the therapeutic effects of a budesonide, azithromycin, montelukast, and acetylcysteine (BAMA) regimen in children with post-infectious bronchiolitis obliterans. J Thorac Dis. 2021; 13(8):4775—4784. doi:10.21037/jtd-20-3195.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Askari M., Faryabi R., Mozaffari H., Mofrad M.D. The effects of N-acetylcysteine on serum level of inflammatory biomarkers in adults: findings from a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. Cytokine. 2020; 135:155239. doi:10.1016/j.cyto.2020.155239. 44. Teixeira M.F.C., Rodrigues J.C., Leone C., Adde F.V. Acute bronchodilator responsiveness to tiotropium in postinfectious bronchiolitis obliterans in children. Chest. 2013; 144(3):974—980. doi: 10.1378/chest.12-2280.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit43"><label>43</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Askari M., Faryabi R., Mozaffari H., Mofrad M.D. The effects of N-acetylcysteine on serum level of inflammatory biomarkers in adults: findings from a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. Cytokine. 2020; 135:155239. doi:10.1016/j.cyto.2020.155239.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zhang X.-M., Lu A.-Z., Yang H.W., Qian L.L., Wang L.-B., Zhang X.B. Clinical features of postinfectious bronchiolitis obliterans in children undergoing long term nebulization treatment. World J Pediatr. 2018; 14(5):441—448. doi:10.1007/s12519-018-0193-z.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit44"><label>44</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Teixeira M.F.C., Rodrigues J.C., Leone C., Adde F.V. Acute bronchodilator responsiveness to tiotropium in postinfectious bronchiolitis obliterans in children. Chest. 2013; 144(3):974—980. doi: 10.1378/chest.12-2280.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zheng H., Yu X., Chen Y., Lin W., Liu L. Effects of inhaled corticosteroids on lung function in children with post-infectious bronchiolitis obliterans in remission. Front Pediatr. 2022; 10:827508. doi:10.3389/fped.2022.827508.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit45"><label>45</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zhang X.-M., Lu A.-Z., Yang H.W., Qian L.L., Wang L.-B., Zhang X.B. Clinical features of postinfectious bronchiolitis obliterans in children undergoing long term nebulization treatment. World J Pediatr. 2018; 14(5):441—448. doi:10.1007/s12519-018-0193-z.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zang L., Irion K., Kozakewich H., Reid L., Camargo J., Silva Porto N. da, Abreu e Silva F. Clinical course of postinfectious bronchiolitis obliterans. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2000; 29(5):341—350. doi: 10.1002/(sici)1099-0496(200005)29:5&lt;341</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit46"><label>46</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zheng H., Yu X., Chen Y., Lin W., Liu L. Effects of inhaled corticosteroids on lung function in children with post-infectious bronchiolitis obliterans in remission. Front Pediatr. 2022; 10:827508. doi:10.3389/fped.2022.827508.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Spichak T.V., Lukina O.F., Markov B.A., Ivanov A.P. Postinfectious obliterative bronchiolitis at different ages. Pulmonologiya. 2002; (4):25—29. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit47"><label>47</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zang L., Irion K., Kozakewich H., Reid L., Camargo J., Silva Porto N. da, Abreu e Silva F. Clinical course of postinfectious bronchiolitis obliterans. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2000; 29(5):341—350. doi: 10.1002/(sici)1099-0496(200005)29:5&lt;341</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Colom A.J., Maffey A., García Bournissen F., Teper A. Pulmonary function of a paediatric cohort of patients with postinfectious bronchiolitis obliterans: a long-term follow-up. Thorax. 2015; 70:169—174. doi: 10.1136/thoraxjnl-2014-205328.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit48"><label>48</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Спичак Т.В., Лукина О.Ф., Марков Б.А., Иванов А.П. Постинфекционный облитерирующий бронхиолит в разные возрастные периоды. Пульмонология. 2002; 4:25-29.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mosquera R.A., Hashmi S.S., Pacheco S.E., Reverdin A., Chevallier J., Colasurdo G.N. Dysanaptic growth of lung and airway in children with post-infectious bronchiolitis obliterans. Clin Respir J. 2014; 8:63—71. doi: 10.1111/crj.12037.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit49"><label>49</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Colom A.J., Maffey A., García Bournissen F., Teper A. Pulmonary function of a paediatric cohort of patients with postinfectious bronchiolitis obliterans: a long-term follow-up. Thorax. 2015; 70:169—174. doi: 10.1136/thoraxjnl-2014-205328.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Colom A.J., Maffey A., García Bournissen F., Teper A. Pulmonary function of a paediatric cohort of patients with postinfectious bronchiolitis obliterans: a long-term follow-up. Thorax. 2015; 70:169—174. doi: 10.1136/thoraxjnl-2014-205328.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit50"><label>50</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Mosquera R.A., Hashmi S.S., Pacheco S.E., Reverdin A., Chevallier J., Colasurdo G.N. Dysanaptic growth of lung and airway in children with post-infectious bronchiolitis obliterans. Clin Respir J. 2014; 8:63—71. doi: 10.1111/crj.12037.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mosquera R.A., Hashmi S.S., Pacheco S.E., Reverdin A., Chevallier J., Colasurdo G.N. Dysanaptic growth of lung and airway in children with post-infectious bronchiolitis obliterans. Clin Respir J. 2014; 8:63—71. doi: 10.1111/crj.12037.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
