Trichinosis is a topical health issue

A review of trichinosis literature is presented.

In the Russian Federation, from a few dozen to several hundred cases of trichinosis are registered annually, caused by 4 types of trichinae: T. spiralis, T. pseudospiralis, T. nativa and T. britovi.

Adults and larvae develop in the same host, which is both final and intermediate.  Adults live in the small intestine, and the larvae develop inside the skeletal muscle fibers. Infection occurs when eating meat containing live larvae.

Clinical symptoms of trichinosis include nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, fever lasting from several days to a month, then myalgia, facial swelling, eyelids, maculo-papular, urticarial exanthema join. Complications of trichinosis: myocarditis (the most common cause of death), pneumonia, meningoencephalitis. Albendazole and mebendazole are most effective as antihelminthic therapy.

1. Korhonen P.K., Pozio E., La Rosa G. Phylogenomic and biogeographic reconstruction of the Trichinella complex. Nat. Commun. 2016. 7:10513.

2. De Boni U., Lenczner M.M., Scott J.W. Autopsy of an Egyptian mummy. 6. Trichinella spiralis cyst. Can. Med.Assoc. 1977. 117: 472.

3. Библия. Ветхий Завет. Второзаконие. 14.8. http://www.wco.ru/biblio/books/oldtest/main.htm

4. Neghina R., Moldovan R., Marincu I. et al. The roots of evil: the amazing history of trichinellosis and Trichinella parasites. Parasitol. Res. 2012. 11:503—508.

5. The Discovery of Trichina Spiralis. Am. J. Public Health Nations Health. 1931. 21(2): 80—181.

6. Turner W. Observations on the trichina spiralis. Edinb. Med. J. 1860. 6(3): 209—216.

7. The Cambridge Historical Dictionary of Disease 1st Edition. Edited by K. Kiple. Cambridge University Press. 2003, 412 p.

8. Esch G.W. Parasites and infectious diseases — discovery by serendipity, and otherwise. Cambridge University Press, New York. 2007.

9. Kean B.H., Mott K.E., Russell A.J. Tropical medicine and parasitology classic investigations. Cornell University Press, London, 1978.

10. Glazier W.C.W. Report on trichinae and trichinosis. Washington, Government Printing Office, 1881, 212 p.

11. Garkavi B.L. Trichinosis caused by Trihinella pseudospiralis (morphology and biology of the pathogen, epizootology and epidemiology, diagnosis, control measures and prevention). Rossiyskiy Рarazitologicheskiy Zhurnal=Russian Journal of Parasitology, 2007, 2: 35—116. (In Russ.)

12. Pozio E., La Rosa G., Murrell K.D., Lichtenfels J.R. Taxonomic revision of the genus Trichinella. J. Parasitol. 1992. 78(4): 654—9.

13. Pozio E., Owen I. L., La Rosa G. et al. Trichinella papuae n. spp. (Nematoda), a new non-encapsulated species from domestic and sylvatic swine of Papua New Guinea. Int. J. Parasitol. 1999. 29: 1825—1839.

14. Pozio E., La Rosa G. Trichinella murrelli n. spp.: etiological agent of sylvatic trichinellosis in temperate areas of North America. J. Parasitol. 2000. 86:134—139.

15. Pozio E., Foggin C. M., Marucci G. Trichinella zimbabwensis n.sp. (Nematoda), a new non-encapsulated species from crocodiles (Crocodylus niloticus) in Zimbabwe also infecting mammals. Int. J. Parasitol. 2002. 32(14):1787—1799.

16. Krivokapich S.J., Pozio E., Gatti G.M. et al. Trichinella patagoniensis n. sp. (Nematoda), a new encapsulated species infecting carnivorous mammals in South America. Inter. J. Parasitol. 2012. 42: 903—910.

17. Gottstein B., Pozio E., Nockler K. Epidemiology, Diagnosis, Treatment, and Control of Trichinellosis. Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 2009. 22: 127—145.

18. Pasqualetti M.I., Acerbo M., Miguez M. Nuevos aportes al conocimiento de Trichinella y trichinellosis. Rev. Med. Vet. (B. Aires). 2014. 95(2): 12—21. (in Spain).

19. Tulov A.V., Zvervanovskiy M.I., Yanagida T. et al. Species and genetic diversity of the trichinella among representatives of the dog family (Canidae) in Russia. Aktual'nyye Voprosy Veterinarnoy Biologii.=Topical issues of veterinary biology. 2013. 1 (17): 35—41. (In Russ.)

20. Parasitic diseases of man. A guide for doctors. Ed. V.P. Sergiev, Yu.V. Lobzin, S.S. Kozlov. SPb.: Folio, 2006: 592. (In Russ.)

21. Epidemiological surveillance of trichinosis: Guidelines (MU 3.2.3163—14). M.: Federal Center for Hygiene and Epidemiology of Rospotrebnadzor, 2014: 26. (In Russ.).

22. Pozio E. Adaptation of Trichinella spp. for survival in cold climates. Food and Waterborne Parasitology. 2016. 4:4—12.

23. Information on infectious parasitic diseases in the Russian Federation (In Russ.) http://rospotrebnadzor.ru/activities/statistical-materials/statistic_detail.php[InformationoninfectiousandparasiticdiseasesintheRussian Federationhttp://rospotrebnadzor.ru/activities/statistical-materials/statistic_detail.php]

24. On the situation of trichinosis in the Russian Federation. 06/28/2016 (In Russ.) http://rospotrebnadzor.ru/about/info/news/news_details.php?ELEMENT_ID=6347&sphrase_id=1617939

25. On the situation with the incidence of trichinosis in the Russian Federation. 10/25/2017 (In Russ.) http://rospotrebnadzor.ru/about/info/news/news_details.php?ELEMENT_ID=9116&sphrase_id=1617939

26. Kitaychik S.M., I.G. Yamshchikova, O.A. Kireeva, M.A. Shcherbinina, M.E. Troilova, I.N. Basheva. An outbreak of trichinosis in adolescents in the Samara region. Current Issues of Infectious Pathology and Vaccine Prevention: Proceedings of the XIV Congress of Pediatric Infectiologists of Russia (Supplement to the journal Detskiye Infektsii=Children's Infections). 2015: 29. (In Russ.)

27. Schellenberg R.S., Tan B.J.K., Irvine J.D. et al. An Outbreak of Trichinellosis Due to Consumption of Bear Meat Infected with Trichinella native, in 2 Northern Saskatchewan Communities. J. of Inf. Dis. 2003. 188:835—843.

28. Khumjui C., Choomkasien P., Dekumyoy P. et al. Outbreak of Trichinellosis Caused by Trichinella papuae, Thailand, 2006. Emer. Inf. Dis. 2008. 14:1913—1915.

29. Hall R.L., Lindsay A., Hammond C. et al. Outbreak of Human Trichinellosis in Northern California Caused by Trichinella murrelli. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 2012. 87(2):297—302.

30. State Register of Medicines of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation (In Russ.) http://grls.rosminzdrav.ru/grls.aspx