The paper presents clinical and laboratory study results of the immune response indicators dynamics in 199 children aged 1 year to 14 years with verified diagnosis of influenza depending on the type of immune response to the treatment with recombinant interferon alpha-2b (IFN) (Grippferon®, nasal drops). A total of 100 people received this medication, whereas 99 patients in the control group received pathogenetic therapy. The immune response type was determined on the basis of the polarisation coefficients (PC) suggested by the authors: PC1 = IL-4/IFN-γ and PC2 = IL-10/IFN-γ obtained by calculating the content ratio in the serum cytokines of IL-4 to IFN-γ and IL-10 to IFN-γ, responsible for the predominant type of immune response to antigen introduction.  A good therapeutic efficacy of the intranasal medication of recombinant interferon alfa-2b was established for the treatment of influenza in children, given both the Th1and Th2-type immune response. This allows us to recommend  this medication for use in children, regardless of the immune response type.

There were 164 children with chronic hepatitis B (CHB) and chronic hepatitis C (CHC) at the age of 1—18 years of age, 78 of which (48%) had a perinatal route of infection  (CHB — 46; CHC  — 32). Observed for 5 years. Chronic hepatitis B and C was characterized by subclinical  signs, with minimal fibrosis, in the immu- noactive phase of HBV (69%) and high viremia HCV (56%). Etiopathogenetic therapy (alpha-2b interferon (VIFERON, PegIntron), lamivudine  (Zeffix), ribavirin (Rebetol) promoted the development of clinico-virologic remission in 83% of children with CHB and 63% in CHC.

The results of complex clinical and laboratory examination of 146 children aged 2—3 years attending kindergarten were presented. The leading predictors of frequent respiratory disease: disturbance of microbiocenosis oropharyngeal mucosa, immunoglobulins decrease, respiratory allergic pathology were established and scientifically substantiated. The results obtained prove the main directions of therapeutic and preventive measures.

The authors consistently consider various aspects of iron metabolism in children and in pediatric patients with accompanying infectious process. Special attention is attributed to the problem of combined infections with anemia/iron-deficiency states, non-infectious factors of iron deficiency and anemia in childhood,  as well as to novel approaches to diagnostics of iron metabolism disorders (including the studies of markers such as hepcidin, ferroportin, soluble transferrin receptor, hypoxia inducible factor, divalent metals transporter, etc). Foreign investigations incorporating novel iron metabolism markers in pediatric patients of various ages with infectious/inflammatory disorders are concisely described. The ambiguity and disputability of iron metabolism in pediatric patients against the background of infections and conditions, accompanied with inflammation are stressed.

Literature review describes the problem of Tick-borne Borreliosis (Lyme Disease). The review analyzes modern date on etiology, epidemiology,  clinical course, treatment and prognosis of disease in children. The modern capabilities of diagnosis are discussed.

The results of studies showing the effectiveness of the use of the domestic probiotic Acipol containing Lactobacillus acidophilus and the kefiric fungal polysaccharide are summarized in a wide range of diseases in children, such as acute intestinal infections of bacterial, viral (rotavirus) and mixed etiology, for the prevention of the development of antibiotic-associated diarrhea, for the normalization of the intestinal microflora in various conditions (acute respiratory diseases, atopic dermatitis, often ill children, etc.). The appointment of Acipol contributed to a reduction in the duration of clinical manifestations, restoration of normoflora, rapid elimination of pathogenic and conditionally pathogenic microorganisms, and reduced the risk of developing of antibiotic-associated diarrhea.

The analysis of the characteristics of the current influenza A(H1N1) pdm 09 at 624 children in the 2015/2016 season. For severe illness (5%) characterized by short incubation period, lack of initial period, acute or acute onset with rapid development of multiorgan failure, prolonged febrile body temperature (up to 5—6 days or more) in the absence of complications, a prolonged severe intoxication (4—5 days or more), a significant frequency of diarrhea syndrome (10,2%), hemorrhagic syndrome (5.3%), exacerbation of comorbidity (20%), combined  with other viral infections  — herpes, rotavirus, enterovirus and others (33%).

In the clinical analysis of blood — leukopenia (33.9%), leukocytosis (14.5%) with neutrophilic  shift (11.3%), neutrophilia (51.6%), monocytosis (45.2%), lymphocytosis (9.7%), thrombocytopenia, anemia, accelerated erythrocyte sedimentation rate moderately; in the biochemical analysis of blood, hypernatremia, increase in the concentration of lactate, hyperfermentemia (ALT, AST, ALP, LDH, CPK), hypoproteinemia, dysproteinemia, increased CRP, increased creatinine and urea, increase of procalcitonin (PCT). In the structure of complications of pneumonia was 6%, stenosing laryngotracheitis — 9.8%, obstructive bronchitis — 14.5%. Two unvaccinated against influenza in infants who become ill during the epidemic period for influenza and SARS from homes with a typical clinical picture, died from severe (toxic) form of pandemic influenza. Pandemic influenza occurred at the background of severe immunosuppression (atrophy of the thymus, depletion  of follicles of peripheral organs of immunogenesis — spleen, lymph nodes, tonsils). The main cause of death was the development of multiple organ failure with rapid progressive lesion of the vital organs. 

Among toxic lesions of the liver, an important place belongs to medicinal hepatitis. Among patients with hepatitis, drug disease of the liver occurs in 0.7—1.4% of cases, and in the presence of jaundice — in 5%. A family case of sisters 9 and 4-year-old life development  of acute drug hepatitis caused by ibuprofen in a daily dose of 32 mg / kg (total 3.2 g) and 25 mg / kg (total 2 g), respectively, was demonstrated in siblings. Hepatitis developed after an acute respiratory infection. Weakness, nausea, vomiting, jaundice of the skin and sclera, pruritus, multiple increase in serum transaminases and markers of cholestasis are revealed. Viral hepatitis and some hereditary liver diseases were excluded. The drug lesion of the liver was of a mixed nature: hepatocellular (cytotoxic) and cholestatic. Timely administration of therapy (detoxification, glucocorticosteroids, ursodeoxycholic acid (Ursosan) led to a regression of clinical symptoms of the disease and positive dynamics of laboratory indicators.

Presents a review of publications on the problem of combined respiratory infections among children. Viral-bacterial associations are registered  in a group of often ill children in 51.7%. More than half of the patients have herpesvirus infection in various combinations. The presence of a combined acute respiratory viral infection among children in the group from 2 to 6 years was noted in 44.2% of cases, among which, in addition to influenza viruses, RS-, adeno-, etc., metapneumovirus and bocavirus plays an important role.

The increase in severity of acute respiratory viral infection with combined  infection, with chlamydia  and mycoplasma infection is shown. A longer and more severe course of whooping cough was observed when combined with respiratory viruses.

The revealed facts of frequency of distribution of combined  respiratory infections in children, the severity and duration of their course with the development of various complications and the formation of chronic pathology dictate the need to improve diagnosis and treatment tactics of these forms of infections.

The report shows the clinical and epidemiological data analysis of 100 patients with chickenpox adults and children. The comparative frequency of the main symptoms of chickenpox in adults and children, including newborns. The features of the disease in adults: prevalence of severe (70%) with prodromal symptoms, febrile fever, rash abundant large slow and reverse the development of pruritus. We describe the clinical symptoms of chickenpox in infants, depending on the timing of chickenpox disease pregnant women before delivery.  It is noted for heavy chickenpox  in the newborn, the possibility of developing  their generalized forms with the defeat of visceral organs and the central nervous system, diseases of pregnant 3—4 days before delivery. The data on the treatment and prevention tactics doctor for chickenpox.

The аrticle describes a clinical example of a generalized form of chickenpox  developed in a child with severe background pathology (Sjogren's disease with renal involvement, a secondary immunodeficiency condition), with a common lesion of internal organs, skin and mucous membranes, subsequent attachment of secondary microbial flora and fatal outcome.

The case of the development of herpetic eczema (Kaposi's eczema) is presented against the background of congenital ichthyosis and atopic dermatitis. It has been shown that the presence of atopic diseases such as allergic rhinitis and pollinosis, sensitization to many common allergens, and a positive family history of atopic dermatitis are factors of a more severe course of Kaposi's eczema. The presented clinical observation of the child with Kaposi's eczema showed that early diagnosis and timely initiated complex  therapy are the determining factors of a favorable prognosis of the disease.