The article presents incidence rates of major vaccine-preventable diseases in the world and the Russian Federation and cites mitigation measures that, in the end, must lead to the elimination of the diseases. 

Medical history, clinical and laboratory data were studied in 828 children aged from 2 months to 14 years. All of them had different clinical forms of herpesvirus infections (HVI). The combination of the information allows to form the etiologic diagnosis timely and to evaluate the activity of the current infection. Given the polymorphism of clinical symptoms of HVI, it was very important to determine herpesvirus genomes in three media (blood, saliva, urine) by PCR, and high titers of G-antibodies (439 u for CMV and 212.3 u for HHV-6). 

The article discusses possible application of determination of the fecal calprotectin level in children with antibiotic-associated diarrhea caused by Clostridium difficile — infection to detect inflammation in various parts of the gastrointestinal tract. It is shown that calprotectin is an informative non-invasive method that can estimate the degree of inflammatory changes of the intestinal mucosa in patients with different clinical variants of Clostridium difficile — infection. The highest levels of fecal calprotectin are characteristic of hemorrhagic colitis caused by this microorganism. 

Within 120 months the authors examined 98 children infected with HIV by the parenteral route. During the first years after HIV infection (Me 23—35 months) on the background of a moderate decline in the number of CD4+-lymphocytes (Me 19—20%) localized forms of bacterial infections developed (94,9%), in particular: herpes simplex infection (89,8%) and candidiasis (84,7%). In subsequent years (Me 51—78 months) localized forms of Epstein-Barr viral infection joined (30,6%), pneumocystosis (23,5%), herpes herpes (17,3%), cryptosporidiosis (8,2%) and tuberculosis (5,1%) in conditions of reducing level of CD4+-lymphocytes (Me 9—13%). In the same period (Me 66 months) in 45,9% of patients with a significant decrease in the number of CD4+-lymphocytes (Me 9,5%) generalized forms of opportunistic infections developed. 

147 children with community-acquired pneumococcal pneumonia aged from 6 months to 14 years old were hospitalized in Children’s Lung Disease Department of the Clinic of Tashkent Medical Academy and in City Clinical Children’s Hospital of Tashkent. The analysis of their anamnesis, clinical and laboratory data, which characterized the main clinical symptoms of the disease, blood picture, chest X-ray at has been performed. The analysis showed the prevalence of lobar pneumonia with frequent right-hand lesion of lungs and in rare cases it was accompanied by bacterial destruction of lungs and purulent pleurisy which proceeded with complications. The Immunochromatography BinaxNOW test and latex agglutination test allow to identify a pneumococcal etiology of pneumonia at early stages of the illness. Antibacterial therapy at a pre-hospital stage reduces efficiency of various diagnostic methods in the hospitalized patients, which makes it more rational to use of the method at a pre-hospital stage at a wider scale. 

The analysis of the incidence of acute intestinal infections in children was carried out in Irkutsk region. The study demonstrated significant increase of the incidence of acute intestinal infections in Irkutsk region and revealed exceedance of all-Russia indicators. It is established that bacterial intestinal infections dominate. Among the bacterial pathogens of acute intestinal infections dominated opportunistic bacteria of the family Enterobacteriaceae. The Analysis also revealed the change of quantitative composition in the long-term aspect, and a significant increase in the proportion of bacteria of the genus Klebsiella. Etiological structure of acute enteric infections in children in recent years has changed. The proportion of viruses has increased. The viral infection has had higher growth rate in comparison with bacterial infections. 

Epstein-Barr virus is ubiquitous human lymphotropic virus. It is responsible for the pathogenesis of several diseases, including diseases of upper gastrointestinal tract. Currently, the search of mechanisms by which the virus is involved in the development of pathological changes in tissues and organs of the gastrointestinal tract is conducted. 

Peculiarities of formation of ecological homeorhesis i.e. coming into compliance with environmental factors of homeostasis systems at population, species and interspecific levels are determined at anthroponoses. The features of the evolution, epidemiology and clinical course of anthroponoses (for example, measles) when influencing on man-virus system in a series of generations of extremely high or low temperatures of air and elimination of the virus on vast territories are pointed out. 

The new dosing scheme for the preparation VIFERON®, rectal suppositories for infants of II, III and IV groups of health was suggested. The application of the scheme has resulted in a more pronounced clinical and immunological effects at treatment of influenza and acute respiratory infections compared to the previously used sc heme. 

The article presents information on the prevalence of chlamydial infection of the upper respiratory tract in schoolchildren. Researchers have shown specific structure of the identified chlamydia depending on gender and age of the patients, as well as the prevalence of children with positive chlamydial antigens of acute and of chronic upper respiratory disease, compared with uninfected children. These results are based on a survey of 708 schoolchildren between the ages of 7 and 14 years. Chlamydia diagnosis was performed by direct immunofluorescence. 

The article highlights problems in the diagnosis of opportunistic infections (OI), shows the frequency of detection of acute infections in children with immunodeficiency and without marked disturbances in the immune system. The mothers and their ailing children were surveyed, The children were diagnosed with immune neutropenia. High presence of opportunistic infection pathogens was revealed both in mothers and in children. 4,5% of cases proved the mother to be the source of infection. The article discusses the role of causative agents of OI in the etiology of obstructive bronchitis and prolonged subfebrility in children. 

178 strains of B. pertussis isolated from infected individuals in various regions of Russia from 1948 to 2012 have been studied for their susceptibility to six antibacterial preparations. It has been shown, that B. pertussis strains isolated from 1948 to 1989 were predominantly sensitive to erythromycin. In the following years a gradual decrease in susceptibility of circulating strains of B. pertussis to this antibiotic was registered with the emergence of strains with intermediate susceptibility in 22% of cases from 1990 to 2005 (MIC 0,060 mcg/mL), up to 59,3% in the last six years (MIC 0,125 mcg/mL). As for azithromycin, high susceptibility of strains of B. pertussis to this preparation was shown throughout the entire duration of the survey. However, the rate of incidence of intermediate strains reached 14% among those strains isolated from 1990 to 2005, and is now at 32%. Thus, after several decades of active use of antibiotics pertussis underwent a series of transformations resulting in a decrease in susceptibility of B. pertussis strains to erythromycin and azithromycin.

56 children aged 1 month to 17 years with generalized meningococcal infection were treated over the period 2004—2009. Antigens of meningococcus group B, C, Y/W 135 were isolated at the patients. The article siscusses clinical and laboratory features of infections caused by different groups of meningococcus. 

This article presents a retrospective analysis of the incidence of acute intestinal infections of newborns in 2006—2012 years. The analysis has revealed increased morbidity, the leading etiological role of rota-and noroviruses alongside with opportunistic pathogens, and absence of a clear seasonality. 

23 children with recurrent bronchitis aged from 3 to 6 years were monitored for two years. Some of them received specific prevention from influenza for 1 year, and 11 children from the original group — over the past two years. The children were vaccinated by influenza subunit vaccine «Inflyuvak». Clinical and economic efficiency was assessed annually for two years. 

The development of the modern education system includes a number of features. Learning involves a high level of independence with the leading role of the student. Vocational education institutions should provide a wide range of educational services that are adequate to labor market demands. Methods and forms of education should be variable including active use of modern educational technology as one of the most convenient ways of learning. 

The article shows an example of differential diagnosis of cervical lymphadenopathy in a child of 7 years old with mixed bacterial bartonello-clamydophilic infection on the background of persistent viral Epstein-Barr virus and human herpesvirus infection type 6.

The article presents a case of severe encephalitis in a child of 11 years old with lesion of CNS (meningoencephalitis), and the outcome in epilepsy. 

The paper presents a case of delayed diagnosis of early congenital syphilis in a child whose mother was observed in prenatal clinic starting from the 14th week of pregnancy. The child had specific skin rash already in maternity. The child was discharged home without examination in the hospital. Only manifestations of nephritis lead to admission of the child into an inpatient hospital. Only at the age of 1 month and 23 days the child was suspected of early congenital syphilis with severe polisimptomnym, and the patient was transferred to specialized hospital.