The concept of the pathogenesis of infectious disease is based on the teaching about the mode of entry of infection, the tropic organ and variability. The course of disease, immediate and long term consequences depend on the mode of entry. An infection that comes via oropharynx, airway, gastrointestinal tract or via skin leads to development of a proper portal of entry and the immune system provides adequate immune response. That results in typical symptoms, cyclical clinic progression and usually leads to the recovery with the formation of full sterile immunity. In case of parenteral route of infection, which includes perinatal way, there is no proper portal of entry and the disease can eventually become fulminant or take chronic course involving visceral organs. It can happen because of changes in the mechanism of tropism and emergence of new target visceral organs. For the complete recovery the pathogen or its mediators should be present in the primary focus of infection. It is suggested, that HIV, HCV, hepatitis B virus, tetanus, rabies and other infectious diseases with involvement of visceral organs, as well as all slow infections, should be treated as infectious diseases with the parental way of infection, progressing with changes in tropism. This leads to the emergence of new tropic substrates in visceral organs. The teaching about the portal of entry of infection, tropism, emergence of new target visceral organs must form the basis of contemporary infectology.

An overview of research papers submitted for the XII Congress of Russian children's infectionists is provided. The Congress will be held 11—13 of December2013 inMoscow.

The article demonstrates that the basis for pathogenesis of acute respiratory infection (ARI ) is a deficiency in a number of factors of virus protection. This deficiency manifests itself through low concentration of interferon and secretory IgA in the nasal mucosa at higher levels of IL-8, alongside with low serum antiviral activity and significant inhibition of interferon production and reduction of the compensatory mechanisms of adaptive immunity. These disorders require prescription of alpha-interferon preparations. For infants and children with a burdened pre-morbid background, regardless of age, such preparations can be administered with all clinical forms of ARI; in older children — with severe forms, including complications. Alpha-interferon preparations can be introduced at in any stage of the disease. Combination therapy with alpha-interferon drugs (VIFERON® suppositories and VIFERON® ointment) allows for enhanced clinical and immunological effects of therapy.

The clinical features of laboratory-confirmed acute respiratory syncytial virus infection (ARSVI) are described in 221 children of the age from 1 month to 5 years. Febrile fever has been recorded in 76% of patients with ARSVI, and significantly more often in children in the second year of life (92%), but the difference in the temerature or duration has not been found. 98% of children have had symptoms of the lower respiratory tract lesions. The most common ARSVI manifestations in the patients of the first year of life were obstructive diseases of the lower respiratory tract (obstructive bronchitis in 53% and bronchiolitis in 11% of children), in the patients of the second year of life — pneumonia (28%, p < 0,05) and catarrhal otitis (26%; p < 0,05). Bronchial obstruction syndrome in children of the first year of life was characterized by the significantly higher frequency (73%) and the maximal duration (9,7 ± 1,08 days). The largest number of cases of the severe respiratory failure has been recorded among patients of the second year of life (3 degree of respiratory failure in 22% of patients, p < 0,05).

127 children with long subfebrile have been eхamined. The causative role of active herpes virus infection in the etiology of long subfebrile states in children has been proved in 36,7% of cases. The frequency of detection of acute (6,3%), reactivaited (30,4%) and latend (63,3%) forms of herpes virus infections in children with long subfebrile conditions has been demonstrated. Prevalence of mixed forms (78%) over mono-infection (22%) in the etiological structure of the active herpes virus has been revealed.

The research presents the analysis of the factors of macro-and microorganism facilitating the formation of liver cirrhosis (LC) in CHC in children. 20 patients with liver cirhossis of hepatitis C virus etiology have been observed. No reliable correlation between such factors as sex, age, route of infection, previous and concomitant diseases, genotype of the pathogen, duration of the infection has been discovered. The clinical, biochemical and ultrasound characteristics of liver cirrhosis of HCV-etiology in children have been presented. The changes of the frequency of occurrence of certain subtypes of the virus and the prevailing route of HCV-infection in recent years have been shown.

The authors have observed 37 young children with chronic viral hepatitis C of different route: perinatal — 24 children (group 1) and not perinatal — 13 patients (group 2). The clinical picture and morphological pattern of the infection depending on the route of the infection have been presented. In case of perinatal infection, some children showed physical developmental disabilities and malabsorption syndrome. The biochemical activity was predominantly minimal in group 1 and low in group 2. Histological changes in liver tissue were revealed in all the young children with chronic hepatitis C. However, the inflammatory activity in the liver tissue is more prominent in children of the group 2, and the degree of fibrosis is more prominent in children from group 1. Only in case of perinatal infection the direct correlation between elevated levels of ALT and AST and the presence of fibrosis in the liver tissue has been revealed revealed.

The article describes and analyzes the preliminary results of a clinical study, which evaluated the safety of two vaccines in children with allergies. Comparative analysis showed that immunization with both drugs is equally safe for healthy children and for children with allergic diseases.No cases of exacerbation of chronic disease associated with influenza vaccination were registered. Local and general reactions recorded in a small number of children are normal vaccine reactions of low degree.

Subpopulation of lymphocytes and the concentration level of 10 cytokines in serum were studied in 62 of 67 sickly children with chronic somatic diseases on the background of medical course the drug Ribomunyl. The tendency to reduction of cytokines , while maintaining balance of Th1/Th2 cells has been determined. It indicates beneficial effects of the drug Ribomunyl on the immune system, and homeostasis. Clinical efficacy of Ribomunyl is evident in the reduced number of acute respiratory diseases and, as a consequence, fewer exacerbations of chronic somatic diseases.

The etiology and clinical manifestations of SARS in children in different epidemic seasons are studied. It is shown that influenza takes a leading role (91,2 %) in the etiological structure of SARS with flu-like syndrome in the epidemic season. In the absence of clinical flu-like syndrome SARS of other etiologies (64,7 %) predominate. In other epidemic influenza seasons probability of the presence of flu-like syndrome is 23,1%. the authors suggest differentiated approach to the choice of antiviral drugs. Presence of flu-like syndrome, epidemic season , age of the patient should be considered. Efficacy of Anaferon drug for children is studied.

An enlargement in pharyngeal lymphoid ring accompanies infectious mononucleosis. This can significantly degrade the quality of life of a sick child. When nasopharyngeal and palatine tonsils are irrigated with saline seawater with aloe and chamomile hypertonic, the airway patency restores on average 2 days faster than in conventional treatment with decongestants. The condition of the pharynx normalizes 3,5 days faster in comparison with treatment by local antiseptics. The complex preparation with a broad spectrum of activity can improve patient’s commitment to therapy and significantly reduce expenses for outpatient treatment.

Many factors contributing to the formation of a group of sickly children were analyzed according to the modern statistical mathematical methods. In this paper we consider the role of the living and environmental factors. It should be emphasized that all 143 (120 children made up observation group and 23 the control group) observed the child live in good conditions in socially-secured families.

The article presents information about the ways of rendering of the medical-social assistance to children born to HIV-positive women. The results of clinical examination of children living in the specialized orphanage are cited for years 2000—2012. Authors have analyzed the peculiarities of the social structure, ways of living arrangement and the health of children left without parental care.

Results of the comprehensive retrospective analysis of all cases of tuberculosis morbidity among HIV-infected children and adolescents in theOrenburgregion during 2001—2012 are presented. Age of the patients, different clinical forms, peculiarities of the disease course and the results of complex treatment are analyzed.

In this paper the authors describe the features of professional continuous medical education in the modern conditions of higher education reform inRussia. A new role of the teacher of the medical school is described. It is important to be professionally competent and to master modern teaching technologies (educational modules, project learning methods, distant education, etc.). The system of continuous medical education as a tool of professional development should become a strategic objective in the implementation of the goals of reforming professional medical education inRussia.

The article describes a case of haemolytic-uraemic syndrome associated with diarrhea of uncertain etiology in a 2-year-old child. The authors present the results of the survey, the therapy and the outcome this disease, emphasizing difficulty in diagnosis and treatment.