Purulent meningitis and viral encephalitis are the most common neuroinfections in children. The severity of the lesion, the frequency of disabling manifestations, as well as high mortality, determine the relevance of their study. Violations of hemostasis both in purulent meningitis and in viral encephalitis are some of the important pathogenetic mechanisms that determine the nature of the course and the similarity of the disease.
The material for clinical, laboratory, and radiation studies was 100 children with purulent meningitis of various etiologies and viral encephalitis from the age of 1 month to 17 years 11 months. In addition to clinical monitoring, all patients underwent D-dimer and circulating endotheliocytes in the acute period and disease dynamics. The different nature of vascular damage has been proved: with the prevalence of endothelial damage in purulent meningitis, and a violation of its functional activity with vascular tone dysfunction — in case of viral encephalitis.
Radiation markers of cerebral vascular damage in the acute period of neuroinfections are described. The pathogenetic significance of structural and functional disorders of the vascular wall and hemostasis in the genesis of purulent meningitis and viral encephalitis in children has been established.

Long time the main pathogens associated with the development of community-acquired pneumonia were bacteria. However, in recent years in the Russian Federation, like all over the world, the view of the damage of lower respiratory tract changed, including a unique approach to community-acquired pneumonia as a bacterial infection, and respiratory viruses have become seen as a direct cause of lower respiratory tract damage, or as part of a viral-bacterial co-infection. These studies became possible since the widespread introduction of PCR techniques in the clinical setting, identification of respiratory viruses has increased and new microorganisms such, one as human bocavirus have been discovered.
Objective: to study the features of respiratory tract damage in acute bocavirus infection in children of different ages.
Materials and methods: A retrospective analysis of 97 medical hospital documentation of children with acute bocavirus infection, detected confirmed by PCR in nasopharyngeal aspirate.
Results: In this work, it was shown that human bocavirus spread throughout the year with an increase in the incidence of clinically significant forms in the autumnwinter period, including during the period of an increase in the incidence of influenza. HBoV infection requiring hospitals is most significant in the first three years of life. In 74.2% of hospitalized children, bocavirus infection occurs with lower respiratory tract infections in the form of bronchitis — 77.8%, pneumonia — 28.9% and rarely bronchiolitis and is complicated by the development of respiratory failure in 28.9% of cases. Changes in the blood test are non-specific, and the level of C-reactive protein in children with various clinical manifestations of HBoV infection generally does not exceed 50 mg / l. An x-ray of the chest organs does not objectively reflect the existing volume and nature of the inflammatory process in the lungs.

The aim of this study was to determine the frequency and etiological structure of fungal colonization of newborns from mothers with vaginal infections taking into account the methods of delivery, gestational age and body weight of the child.
Material and methods. 80 women clinically suspicious of fungal vulvovaginitis were examined at 16—22 weeks of gestation. Samples from the loci of probable fungal colonization in their children (81 newborns, one twins) were collected on 2—3 and 10—5 days of life. Samples were plated on Sabouraud agar and Czapek agar, followed by species identification by API Candida — api 20 C AUX yeast assay.
Results. Positive results were found in 23 (28.8%) mothers (Candida spp.) And 44 (54.3%) newborns (Candida spp., Aspergillus flavus, Penicillium expansum Link, Mucor racemosus). Isolates of 7.4% of full-term infants were completely identical to the maternal microflora (Candida spp.). The remaining 19 (23.5%) premature infants were found to have molds of fungi, which indicates the nosocomial nature of the infection. A statistically significant relationship between the type of delivery and fungal colonization in newborns was found in the early neonatal period (2—3 days of life).

EBV-mononucleosis is a widespread infectious disease, and also it is an urgent problem of the whole world.
The purpose of the research was to study the clinical and laboratory features of EBV-mononucleosis in hospitalized children of different ages in modern conditions.
Under the supervision were 136 children aged from 1 year to 18 years. All of the patients had typical and mainly (85%) moderate form of the disease, and 15% of them patients had a severe form of the disease.
The results: more severe fever and lymphadenopathy were observed in children older than 3 years. Acute tonsillitis was present in all hospitalized children. Adenoiditis and hepatosplenomegaly were greater in the group of patients of a younger age. Hyperfermentemia was determined in more than half of patients, more often in children over 12 years old. In the hemogram leukocytosis and monocytosis were mostly noted. Atypical blood mononuclear cells were detected in 89% of patients. Patients got complex etiopathogenetic therapy.

Purpose: to justify the need to use at least two methods (direct and indirect) for reliable laboratory decoding of infectious mononucleosis.
Materials and methods. We observed 107 children with infectious mononucleosis. Deciphering the etiology was carried out using ELISA (We determined IgM VCA-EBV, IgG EA-EBV, IgG EBNA-EBV, IgM CMV, IgG CMV in serum) and PCR (We determined investigated viral DNA (EBV, CMV, HHV 6) in peripheral blood mononuclear cells).
Results: In the structure of infectious mononucleosis, EBV remains the leading infection: 82 children (76.6%). In case of reactivated EBV infection, the isolated use of the ELISA method does not limit the possibility of interpreting the results without additional evaluation of the test results by PCR. A significantly level of viral DNA concentration in the examined children has not been established. The detection frequencies of EBV DNA and HHV 6 DNA by PCR are not mutually independent (p < 0.001). Detection of one of the viruses reduces the chance of detecting another virus (OR = 0.133; 95% CI from 0.0537 to 0.3273, p < 0.0001).

The article presents the clinical effectiveness of complex etiopathogenic therapy of rotavirus infection in children using a combination of «Adiarin» — tannate gelatin, hyposmolar rehydration solution and probiotic containing lactobacilli LGG and bifidobacteria BB-12.
It was found that in patients receiving innovative treatment, compared with children who were on traditional therapy, fever was significantly less frequent, its duration and hospitalization time were reduced by 2.4 days. In addition, acidosis was significantly less pronounced in this group compared to the control group.
Thus, the use of the «Adiarin» line of products contributes to a faster recovery of children with rotavirus infection compared to patients who received standard treatment.

The review article presents the results of numerous studies on the effectiveness and safety of the newly developed forms of the human recombinant interferon alpha- 2b drug, ointment and gel, intended for the treatment and prevention of acute respiratory viral infections and influenza in children.
Еxternal forms of the drug retain immunomodulatory, antiviral and antiproliferative effects. The dosage form of the preparation of interferon alpha-2b VIFERON® in the form of a gel or ointment allows to achieve a prolonged action due to good absorption, especially the gel, which increases its effectiveness, and also has a moisturizing effect and rarely causes allergies.
All of the above properties justify the inclusion of the drug interferon alpha-2b VIFERON® in the form of a gel or ointment in the complex treatment of influenza and acute respiratory viral infections in children.

The purpose of the study was to analyze the structure of drug consumption in the conditions of inpatient treatment of children with acute respiratory viral infections to optimize treatment standards and reduce material costs.
The paper presents the results of a retrospective study of the consumption of drugs in the inpatient treatment of children with acute respiratory viral infections. It is shown that the most vulnerable group for the occurrence and development of acute respiratory viral infections is represented by children aged 1 year to 7 years (60.0% of the total population).
Evaluation of drug consumption suggests that the frequency of prescriptions is dominated by J01 category «Antibacterial drugs for systemic use» and R01 «Nasal preparations» (18.58% and 16.56%, respectively). At the same time, the group L03 «Immunostimulants» makes a significant contribution to the consumption structure according to the frequency of appointments, covering 9.31%.

Liver transplantation today is the only radical method of treatment decompensating fulminant and chronic liver failure. The operation technic and patient care improvement made it possible to achieve a high survival rate. Transplantation has become an available and safe method for children, including patients weighing less than 10 kg. However, at the moment there are a number of unsolved problems. Postoperative complications can significantly affect the results of transplantation. This article provides a Russian and foreign literature overview, reflecting the achievements in the field of liver, identifying current problems and solutions.

The review provides information about the current features of the spread of whooping cough among children and adolescents. It is shown that there is a shift in morbidity to an older age group of the population, which is facilitated by changes in the properties of the pathogen and the widespread use of drugs based on cell-free technology as primary vaccination. Information is given about the possibility of preventing morbidity among schoolchildren and adults by introducing additional revaccinating doses against whooping cough with special drugs in the vaccination calendars. Information is given on effective protection of newborns against this infection by immunization of pregnant women. In our country, there is an opportunity to expand pertussis immunoprophylaxis among children of preschool-school age and adults within regional programs and individual vaccination with acellular pertussis-diphtheria-tetanus vaccines, which has a high profile of safety and immunological effectiveness.

Presents a clinical case, demonstrating the complexity of differential diagnosis of botulism of a child on the first year of life. The tactic of laboratory research, the therapy and the clinical result of the treatment was described.

Limbic encephalitis (LE) is a rare neurological syndrome, in most cases has a paraneoplastic nature, but recently there has been a large number of observations of idiopathic autoimmune LE associated with antibodies to neuronal membrane proteins. A clinical case of a disease in a 13-year-old patient with the detection of antibodies to glutamate decarboxylase (GAD) is described. The debut of the disease is marked by a decrease in memory for current events after the first convulsive attack during 2 months.