Over the past decade, the calendar of preventive vaccinations in Russia has undergone significant changes, concerning, first of all, the inclusion of new infections against which vaccination is carried out.
Purpose: to analyze changes in the preventive vaccination calendar. An achievement was the establishment in June 2018 of an independent expert council of the Union of experts in the field of immunization and the development of the Draft «National Strategy for the Development of Immunoprophylaxis in the Russian Federation until 2035». It is expected to further expand the calendar of preventive vaccinations by including new vaccines against vaccine-preventable infections, as well as the emergence of new domestic vaccines, incl. combined. 

 This article presents an observation of 12 patients with combined forms of COVID-19 and acute respiratory viral infections hospitalized at the Z.A. Bashlyaeva State Clinical Hospital, the purpose of which was to identify the features of the course of COVID-19 coronavirus infection in combination with acute respiratory viral infections of various etiologies in children.
According to the data obtained, the incidence of COVID-19 and ARVI co-infections was 4.2%. There is a tendency to an increase in the number of patients with lower respiratory tract lesions, a tendency to a prolonged course of COVID-19 with concomitant ARVI, as well as an increase in the duration of hospitalization of patients. 

 The study of the neurological status and heart rate variability (HRV) of 65 premature newborns was carried out, of which 25 children had no symptoms of central nervous system (CNS) dysfunction. In 40 children, the neurological status was characterized by symptoms of general CNS depression. Based on the spectral parameters of heart rate variability (HRV), two groups of children with high and low activity of subcortical systems were identified among the latter. In the latter, the syndrome of general CNS depression was characterized by stable symptoms.
It is assumed that in this group of premature newborns, this syndrome was caused by insufficient stimulation of the cerebral cortex by subcortical systems due to antenatal inhibition of their activity by exogenous adrenomimetics. 

The aim is to establish the epidemiology and features of the clinic of microbial inflammatory nephropathy in children living in an ecologically unfavorable area.
Research methods. The prevalence of microbial-inflammatory nephropathies and their incidence in the urban children's population, as well as in areas with favorable and unfavorable environmental situation were analyzed. A clinical and laboratory examination of patients was carried out with an assessment of the features of the manifestations of the disease in children living in an area with environmental pollution.
The results of the study. Over the past two decades, there has been a decrease in the incidence of microbial inflammatory nephropathies and their general prevalence in the urban children's population. However, in an urban area with an unfavorable environmental situation, a significant increase in these epidemiological indicators has been recorded over a ten-year period. The peculiarities of microbial-inflammatory nephropathies in children living in an area with significant air and soil pollution are their occurrence against the background of congenital anomalies or malformations of the kidneys and urinary tract, frequent relapses, the presence of complications. They are characterized by a frequent combination of kidney and bladder lesions, higher activity of the inflammatory process with impaired renal function, slow reverse dynamics of symptoms during treatment.
Conclusion. Microbial-inflammatory nephropathies in children living in ecologically unfavorable areas of the city have features of epidemiology and clinical manifestations, which must be taken into account when carrying out medical support for this category of patients.

The average number of annually registered cases of botulism in the Russian Federation is 300. At the same time, there is an increase in the number of deaths to 26 per year.
Materials and methods. The article presents the results of a clinical and epidemiological analysis of 47 cases of botulism in adults treated at the State Medical Institution «Regional Infectious Clinical Hospital named after A.M. Nichoga» in Astrakhan in the period from 2009 to 2019. The diagnosis of botulism was confirmed by a positive reaction of biological neutralization of the toxin in white mice.
Results. It is established that the epidemic process of botulism in the Astrakhan region is characterized mainly by sporadic morbidity in adults of working age and the absence of cases of the disease in children. All patients had food botulism, which occurred typically in the form of moderate and severe forms of the disease, with a mortality rate of 4.2%. There is an increase in the share of fish and fish products, non-industrial preparation, as sources of infection. Laboratory confirmation of botulism occurred in 60% of patients.

The aim of the study. Determination of immune response mediators in patients with infection caused by the Varicella Zoster virus with various clinical and laboratory parameters.
Materials and methods. Determination of VZV DNA by the polymerase reaction method. The blood content of proinflammatory mediators was assessed using the ELISA method using monoclonal antibodies (Protein contour, Petersburg).
Research result. In patients with VZV the content of INF-α, INF-γ, CD-8+ was significantly lower than in patients with a typical form of the disease. In patients with a typical course of the disease, the DNA of the virus was less often determined.
Discussion. In patients with pustular chickenpox, the level of IL-1β and CD-4+ was significantly lower than in the typical course of the disease.
Conclusions. A decrease in the content of immune response mediators and indicators of cellular immunity in children with chickenpox is an indication for vaccination. 

The aim of the study was to study the features of the course of a new coronavirus infection COVID-19 in hospitalized children.
Materials and methods. Clinical manifestations of COVID-19 were studied in 859 children aged 3 months to 16 years old, hospitalized in the children's hospital of Karaganda, Kazakhstan, in the first 6 months of 2021. In all patients, the diagnosis of COVID-19 was confirmed by the detection of SARS-CoV-2 RNA by PCR in nasopharyngeal swabs.
Results. In 60% of cases, children aged 7 years and older were ill. More than half of the children (67.6%) had a mild form of the new coronavirus infection COVID-19, and only a third of the patients had a moderate form (31.2%) and 1.2% had a severe form. One child had a multi-inflammatory syndrome (Kawasaki-like). Half of the children had subfebrile or febrile fever (51.1%) and cough (51.2%), as well as signs of intoxication (35.9%), diarrhea (2.4%). In a third of children, the disease
proceeded with damage to the lower respiratory tract, with bronchitis and  pneumonia (7.8 and 20.3% of cases, respectively). In the general blood test,  leukopenia (33.6%), lymphocytosis (45%) were noted.
Conclusion. In the first half of 2021, in hospitalized children in Karaganda, Kazakhstan, the new coronavirus infection COVID-19 proceeded favorably in the vast majority of cases. 

At the moment, the clinical differences between primary acute and reactivation of chronic infection caused by Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) have not been fully studied.
The aim is to identify clinical and laboratory differences between primary acute and reactivation of chronic EBV infection in children aged 0—17 years.
Materials and methods. A systematic review and meta-analysis of publications was carried out, which were searched through the bibliographic databases PubMed, Cyberleninka, eLibrary, as well as using the Researchgate scientific network. The total number of keyword search results was 1,830 publications, of which 26 were included in the study according to the results of the selection. 1318 cases of active EB infection were subjected to meta-analysis, including 917 cases of acute primary and 401 cases of reactivation.
Results. Distinctive signs of primary acute EBV infection are fever, generalized lymphadenopathy, enlargement of cervical lymph nodes, acute tonsillitis, exanthema, excess of ALT reference values, leukocytosis, the presence of atypical mononuclears. With the reactivation of chronic EBV infection, the clinical manifestations are  less pronounced, but in 24% of cases the disease is accompanied by the development of interstitial pneumonia. Characteristic signs are hypertrophy of the lymphoepithelial pharyngeal ring and thymomegaly, not described in primary acute infection.
Conclusion. The revealed clinical and laboratory differences between primary acute and reactivation of chronic EBV infection in children aged 0—17 years can be used for differential diagnosis of these conditions.

 The urgency of the problem of cestodiases is due to the widespread prevalence and the ability of cestodes to infect a person.
The aim and result of the work is to summarize the available information on the etiology, epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical picture, diagnosis, etiotropic therapy and prevention of some imaginal cestodoses (bertielliasis, railietiniasis, dipylidiasis, hymenolepiasis, drepanidotheniasis, rodentolepiasis,  mesocestoidiasis, hydatigeriasis) recorded in humans.
Various cestodoses are widespread throughout the world, including in Russia. The clinic mainly includes symptoms of lesions of the gastrointestinal tract,  allergic reactions. Diagnostics is carried out on the basis of a set of clinical and laboratory-instrumental indicators. Prevention is carried out taking into account the characteristics of the epidemiology. 

 In most cases, EBV mononucleosis in hospitalized children occurs in a typical form, with a classical clinical picture. Cases of hepatitis, as the leading syndrome in EBV infection, are extremely rare. The article presents a clinical case of atypical onset of infectious mononucleosis of EBV etiology, which started with liver damage syndrome. This clinical experience gives an opportunity to run diagnostics of herpesvirus infections in cases of nonspecific liver damage. 

 Intrauterine infections are one of the most pressing health problems. A feature of listeria infection is the possibility of penetration of the pathogen  through the placental barrier with the development of severe systemic  lesions and negative perinatal outcomes.
Purpose: To describe the nonspecific morphological manifestations of listeria infection in the early stages of the disease in postnatal fetal death.
Morphological confirmation of listeriosis is multiple productive-necrotic granulomas (listeriomas) with the presence of listeria in them in the form of straight, short, sometimes ovoid rods, located singly or in groups, identified by Gram-Weigert staining. 

 Moscow, December 16—17, 2021