Rotavirus infection (RVI) occupies a leading position in the structure of viral diarrhea, is characterized by a high level of morbidity, predominantly affecting the child population, a variety of clinical manifestations, and the possible development of adverse outcomes.

The purpose of the study. To study the clinical and epidemiological features of RVI against the background of an increase in morbidity in the Krasnoyarsk Territory in 2024. 
Materials and methods. A retrospective analysis of 438 medical records of children aged 28 days to 17 years hospitalized in the infectious diseases hospital of the Krasnoyarsk Interdistrict Children's Clinical Hospital No. 1 in 2024 with a diagnosis of rotavirus infection was conducted. 
Results. In 2024, an increase in the incidence of RVI was noted in almost all age groups, the risk group is children aged 1—3 years (52%), the number of children aged 1 year decreased by half compared to the previous year, while the number of children over 11 years old increased by 4.2 times. An increase in the proportion of severe forms of the disease was noted, including in older children. Extraintestinal manifestations were detected in 73.1% of children with RVI, which affected the nature of the course and outcome of the disease. 48.8% of convalescents were discharged from the hospital with residual effects, which subsequently required observation at the place of residence. 
Conclusion. Clinical and epidemiological features of RVI at the present stage indicate a continuing epidemiological problem. In this regard, the inclusion of vaccination against RVI in the national calendar of preventive vaccinations of the Russian Federation is justified and should be a priority.

Objective: to study the anamnestic and clinical-laboratory features of the course of tick-borne infections in hospitalized patients aged 2 to 14 years with an assessment of their prognostic ability. 
Materials and methods. The study involved 66 children aged 2 to 14 years, hospitalized for tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) or ixodid tick-borne borreliosis. We studied the anamnesis, carried out a set of serological and molecular biological methods to assess the specific immune response of patients and tick infestation. 
Results. In the group of children with tick-borne encephalitis, the meningeal form of the disease was established in 74.3% (26/35) of children, febrile in 17.1% (6/35), inapparent in 5.7% (2/35) and subclinical in 2.9% (1/35) of children. In children with tick-borne borreliosis, the erythema form of the disease was noted in 58% (18/31) of patients, while the remaining 42% (13.31) had a non-erythema form. It was found that the time period from the tick bite to the onset of clinical manifestations did not have reliable differences in the groups: in patients with tick-borne encephalitis it was 14 days (IQR 4.5; 17), and in patients with tick-borne borreliosis — 12 days (IQR 6.5; 16), p = 0.670. A history of tick bite in the anamnesis was noted in 59/66 cases (89.3%), but a tick study using PCR was performed only in 25/66 (37.8%) people: in 14/25 (56%) cases, RNA of the tick-borne encephalitis virus was detected, in the remaining cases — exclusively Borrelia DNA or a combination of pathogens. Mathematical modeling has determined prognostic criteria that determine with high probability the course of tick-borne encephalitis in a patient: leucocyte, neutrophils, lymphocytes blood count, the values of the enzymes ALT and AST. 
Conclusions. A formula has been obtained that is a convenient tool for rapid assessment of the risk of tick-borne encephalitis, based exclusively on laboratory data. This is especially relevant in endemic regions where rapid differentiation of TBE from other tick-borne infections, such as ixodid tick-borne borreliosis.

The relevance of infectious mononucleosis at the present stage is due to its widespread prevalence, lifelong persistence of pathogens in the human body, persistent immunological changes during periods of active infectious process, lack of effective means of treatment and prevention. 
The purpose of the study: to analyze modern aspects of infectious mononucleosis in children. 
Materials and methods: the article presents literature data on the importance of the IM problem in children at the present stage and the results of their own observations of 316 children hospitalized in the Regional Infectious Diseases Clinical Hospital of Yaroslavl in the period from 2021 to 2023. 
Results: the age group of patients is dominated by children 4—6 and 11—17 years old. The clinical picture still shows characteristic symptoms: fever, difficulty nasal breathing, tonsillitis, lymphadenopathy, exanthema, enlarged liver and spleen. In most patients, the appearance of a rash is associated with the appointment of semi-synthetic penicillins at the prehospital stage. Atypical mononuclear cells are detected in only half of the patients, which makes it difficult to make a diagnosis based on a general blood test. In primary infection, Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) remains dominant in isolation or in combination with cytomegalovirus (CMV). Reactivation in almost all patients is caused by CMV on the background of primary EBV infection.

Objective. To evaluate the therapeutic and prophylactic efficacy of recombinant interferon in children with recurrent diseases using quality of life (QOL) indicators.
Materials and methods. An assessment of the possibilities of using QOL indicators to analyze the effectiveness of preventive and therapeutic measures carried out in 126 frequently and long-term ill children aged 1 to 6 years with recurrent respiratory infections living in Dushanbe. 
Results. The results of the examination of 126 children with recurrent respiratory infections indicate a favorable outcome of the disease with properly selected therapy using recombinant interferon-alpha- 2b with antioxidants (Viferon®) in noninvasive dosage forms. Early administration of the drug significantly reduced the duration of fever with a tendency to reduce catarrhal symptoms. The drug was used as part of complex therapy at a dosage of 150,000 IU per 1 suppository rectally 2 times a day for 5 days. The positive dynamics in the general somatic status of frequently and long-term ill children contributed to an increase in the parameters of their quality of life, especially such aspects as emotional and social well-being. 
Conclusion. The convenient dosage form, high therapeutic and prophylactic efficacy of Viferon®a, and the focus on the immune system make it possible to recommend this drug in the complex treatment and prevention of children with recurrent respiratory infections.

Russia ranks among the first countries both in Europe and around the world in terms of the number of children infected with the hepatitis C virus, which determines the medical and social importance of this problem for domestic healthcare. 
The aim of the study was to evaluate the clinical and laboratory features of the course and effectiveness of direct antiviral therapy of HCV in children and adolescents living in the Moscow region. 
Materials and methods. 28 children (13 boys and 15 girls) aged 3—16 years with HCV were under observation. The genotype of the pathogen was determined for all children before the start of antiviral therapy, and before and after completing an 8-week course of treatment with the direct antiviral drug glecaprevir+pibrentasvir, the viral load was determined by PCR, IgM and IgG antibodies to HCV by ELISA, clinical and biochemical blood tests, coagulogram, ultrasound of the abdominal organs and fibroelastography were performed. the liver. 
Results. Chronic hepatitis C (HCV) is detected mainly in school-age children (in 67.9%), in 60.7% of patients it is combined with other various pathologies. Infection occurs in 89.3% of cases during perinatal contact with a mother with HCV. The clinical picture is characterized by low symptoms, asthenia prevails (weakness — 35.8%, decreased appetite — 32.1%, headache — 7.2%, dizziness — 3.6%, drowsiness — 3.6%) and impaired motor function of the gastrointestinal tract (17.9%). Cytolysis syndrome is slightly pronounced, it is noted in 39.3—42.9% of children. Genotypes 1b (32.1%), 3a (25%) and 1a (17.9%) predominate. According to ultrasound data, hepatomegaly is observed in 28.6% of children, fibrosis grade F1 on the METAVIR scale is formed in 39.3% of patients. Antiviral therapy provides a stable virological response in 100% of cases and contributes to the normalization of biochemical parameters, as well as regression of fibrosis in all children treated with glecaprevir+pibrentasvir for 8 weeks. 
Conclusion. Currently, the most effective method for the further spread of hepatitis C is the early detection and treatment of children and adolescents suffering from this infection using direct antiviral agents.

Objective: to analyze the clinical and anamnestic features of the course of acute intestinal infections depending on the etiology, to identify the features of the course of viral acute intestinal infections that served as a reason for prescribing empirical antibacterial therapy in children under 5 years old upon admission to the hospital.
Materials and methods. The retrospective case-control study included 66 case histories of children with acute intestinal infections aged from 1 month to 4 years inclusive, hospitalized in 2023—2024 at Pediatric City Clinical Hospital No. 9 named after G.N. Speransky, Moscow. Etiological decoding of acute intestinal infections was carried out using PCR testing of feces samples, bacteriological testing of feces. 
Results. In children under 5 years old, viral intestinal infections predominated, with norovirus identified in 52% of cases (95% CI: 37—67%). In bacterial intestinal infections in children, complaints of diarrhea with blood and mucus, fever up to febrile values, abdominal pain were more common. The presence of vomiting lasting more than three days before admission and upon admission to the hospital were more common in acute intestinal infections of viral etiology. Antibacterial therapy was carried out in all children with bacterial acute intestinal infections, and in 57% (95% CI: 41—70%) cases of viral acute intestinal infections. Antibacterial therapy among patients with viral acute intestinal infections was significantly more often received by children with fever, other clinical and anamnestic differences could not be identified. 
Conclusion. The combined assessment of both clinical and anamnestic data in acute intestinal infections can serve as a basis for creating an algorithm for rapid clinical assessment of indications for empirical antibacterial therapy.

It is important to individualize therapy goals, including control of the cough reflex and inflammation suppression when treating cough in children with acute respiratory viral infections (ARVI).

Aim. To evaluate the efficacy and safety of the drug Rengalin in children over 3 years old with ARVI in clinical practice, focusing on cough management capabilities, an observational non-interventional program was conducted.

Methods. The study included 90 children with ARVI and cough, divided into three groups: monotherapy with Rengalin (Group 1, n = 31), combined treatment Rengalin and a Mucolytic (Group 2, n = 29), and monotherapy with a Mucolytic (Group 3, n = 30). Patients were monitored in a day hospital with follow-up visits on days 1.4 (±1), and 8 (±1). ARVI symptoms, cough severity was assessed using the specialized scales, therapy effectiveness was evaluated based on physicians' and parents' opinions, and adverse events were recorded.

Results. At visit 2 by day 3 of therapy, a significant reduction in cough severity was observed in Groups 1 and 2 (p < 0.0001), whereas Group 3 showed no statistically significant difference (p = 0.53). By day 7, at visit 3, the total cough score was significantly lower in patients receiving Rengalin: Group 1 — 0.6 ± 0.9, Group 2 — 1.2 ± 1.0, Group 3 — 2.8 ± 1.5; p1—3, 2—3 < 0.0001, and the proportion with a cough severity scale score of ≤1 point was significantly higher (93.5%, 75.9% and 23.3% in groups 1, 2 and 3, respectively (p1—3, 2—3 < 0.0001). No adverse events were reported.

Conclusions. Rengalin therapy, whether as monotherapy or combined with a mucolytic agent, provides better control of cough compared to mucolytic monotherapy and is well tolerated in children.

Measles is one of the most highly contagious airborne infections. Those who are not vaccinated or have not been ill after contact become ill in almost 100% of cases. 
Objective: to evaluate the effectiveness of emergency measles prevention in children in a specialized institution with round-the-clock stay. 
Materials and methods: a retrospective analysis of a measles outbreak in a specialized psychoneurological children's home was conducted. 
Results: the zero patient was an unvaccinated girl aged 1 year 26 days, who had previously been treated in a hospital for COVID-19, where at the same time measles patients were being treated. She fell ill after 14 days, was re-hospitalized on the 17th day. On the same day, 171 contacts were identified, 7/5.3% of employees were revaccinated with a live measles monovalent vaccine, 10/41.7% of children over 12 months of age received a combined vaccine against measles, rubella and mumps and 14/58.3% of children under 12 months of age received normal human immunoglobulin was administered intramuscularly in 1 dose (1.5 ml). During the period of epidemiological observation, 8/33.3% of children who received emergency prophylaxis fell ill (1/10.0% — trivaccine and 7/50.0% — immunoglobulin). All suffered from typical measles of moderate severity. 
Conclusion. The development of the disease in 50.0% of cases with consistent involvement in the epidemic process after passive prophylaxis indicates insufficient effectiveness of the administration of the minimum recommended dose of immunoglobulin.

Objective: to study the psychological characteristics of children with latent tuberculosis infection (LTI) in order to develop effective options for psychological assistance in the process of preventive treatment and rehabilitation measures. 
Materials and methods. A prospective group-control study was conducted with the participation of 60 children aged 5—15 years. The main group (n = 30) consisted of children with LTI without confirmed contacts with TB patients with MBT+; the control group (n = 30) consisted of children infected with MBT without LTI. The clinical and anamnestic method and the projective techniques «House-tree-man» and «Non-existent animal» were used. The statistical analysis was performed using Pearson's χ2 criterion. 
Results. Statistically significant differences in psychological status were found in children with latent tuberculosis infection compared with the control group. In the emotional sphere, increased anxiety, emotional instability and internal tension were more often observed. In the personal sphere, low self-esteem, low level of creativity and limited imagination are noted. Difficulties in communication, a tendency to self-isolation and low openness to contacts were revealed in social adaptation. 
Conclusions. The identified features require the development of specialized psychological support programs in the process of preventive treatment and rehabilitation. A comprehensive approach to the treatment of children with LTI is needed, including both medical and psychological and pedagogical measures.

Objective: to assess the level of commitment to vaccination among medical students of the Siberian State Medical University. 
Materials and methods. The material for the study was the methodology of D.V. Kaunina et al., 2023, consisting of four groups (scales) and including 27 questions that are indicators for assessing the level of commitment to vaccination. In the period from November 2023 to January 2024, an anonymous survey was conducted using an online platform based on the Siberian State Medical University, in which 289 respondents from 4th to 6th years of the General Medicine and Pediatrics Faculties took part. 
Results. The level of commitment was calculated depending on the points scored. In the total sample, the level of commitment to vaccination was average in 231 respondents (80%), high in 52 (18%) and low in 6 (2%).

Thrombophilia is a heterogeneous group of inherited and acquired diseases and syndromes characterized by increased blood clotting and a high risk of thromboembolic complications. Thrombophilia is not a disease in the generally accepted sense, since it has no clinical manifestations until the first thrombosis, which complicates its diagnosis. At the same time, thromboses make a significant contribution to the overall morbidity and mortality in children of all age groups. Currently, many genetic polymorphisms have been identified that increase the predisposition to thrombosis, including mutations of factor V (Leiden mutation) and prothrombin, as well as polymorphisms of the genes of the blood coagulation system and folate cycle. Risk factors for the development of thrombotic complications also include deficiency of proteins C and S and lack of antithrombin III. Newborns from mothers with hereditary thrombophilia have a significantly increased risk of fetal hypoxia and various pathological conditions and diseases. The presence and combination of various genetic markers of thrombophilia leads to the development of a hypercoagulable state, which increases the risk of thrombohemorrhagic complications. Diagnosis of thrombophilia includes, first of all, the determination of thrombogenic risk factors: permanent (genetic and/or clinical) and temporary (clinical and/or laboratory). The article presents the main genetic markers of thrombophilia, the mechanisms of its development and diagnostic methods.

West Nile fever (WNF) is a zoonotic natural focal arbovirus infection with a transmissible mechanism of pathogen transmission. The carriers of the disease are mosquitoes, the main reservoir is birds. In the period 2023—2024, an increase in the registration of WNF was noted in the Russian Federation, and the most intensive spread was registered in the Southern Federal District (SFD) because of significant climate warming. 
The aim: to demonstrate clinical cases of WNF in 3 children with a neuroinvasive form of the disease in the form of viral meningitis. 
Results. All patients are residents of Crimea, were hospitalized in the summer. Clinical manifestations included fever, weakness, headache and positive meningeal signs. The disease was severe in 2 patients, moderate in 1 patient. The diagnosis was based on the detection of IgM antibodies to the WNF virus in the blood serum. All patients recovered from the disease. 
Conclusion. WNF has no specific clinical and laboratory signs, therefore in the Republic of Crimea in the summer, when the carrier of the infection is especially active, screening for this infection should become routine procedure in children with signs of viral meningitis.

In clinical practice, inflammatory changes in the skin, mucous membranes and lymph nodes are characteristic of many infectious diseases. Erysipelas occupies a significant place in the structure of infectious pathologies in the adult population. At the same time, in children this disease is registered extremely rarely. The present study presents a rare case of erysipelas localised to the face and ear (Milian's ear sign) in a 10-year-old child with no comorbid somatic pathology.Given the rarity of erysipelas in the paediatric population and the lack of clear normative documents regarding the management of patients with this disease in paediatric practice, the clinical case presented may contribute to increased physician vigilance regarding this diagnosis.